World Scientists Warning To Humanity

Some 1,700 of the world's leading scientists, including the majority of Nobel laureates in the sciences, issued this appeal in November 1992. The Warning was written and spearheaded by UCS Chair Henry Kendall.

Human beings and the natural world are on a collision course. Human activities inflict harsh and often irreversible damage on the environment and on critical resources. If not checked, many of our current practices put at serious risk the future that we wish for human society and the plant and animal kingdoms, and may so alter the living world that it will be unable to sustain life in the manner that we know. Fundamental changes are urgent if we are to avoid the collision our present course will bring about.

The Environment

The environment is suffering critical stress:

The Atmosphere

Stratospheric ozone depletion threatens us with enhanced ultraviolet radiation at the earth's surface, which can be damaging or lethal to many life forms. Air pollution near ground level, and acid precipitation, are already causing widespread injury to humans, forests and crops.

Water Resources

Heedless exploitation of depletable ground water supplies endangers food production and other essential human systems. Heavy demands on the world's surface waters have resulted in serious shortages in some 80 countries, containing 40% of the world's population. Pollution of rivers, lakes and ground water further limits the supply.

Oceans

Destructive pressure on the oceans is severe, particularly in the coastal regions which produce most of the world's food fish. The total marine catch is now at or above the estimated maximum sustainable yield. Some fisheries have already shown signs of collapse. Rivers carrying heavy burdens of eroded soil into the seas also carry industrial, municipal, agricultural, and livestock waste -- some of it toxic.

Soil

Loss of soil productivity, which is causing extensive Land abandonment, is a widespread byproduct of current practices in agriculture and animal husbandry. Since 1945, 11% of the earth's vegetated surface has been degraded -- an area larger than India and China combined -- and per capita food production in many parts of the world is decreasing.

Forests

Tropical rain forests, as well as tropical and temperate dry forests, are being destroyed rapidly. At present rates, some critical forest types will be gone in a few years and most of the tropical rain forest will be gone before the end of the next century. With them will go large numbers of plant and animal species.

Living Species

The irreversible loss of species, which by 2100 may reach one third of all species now living, is especially serious. We are losing the potential they hold for providing medicinal and other benefits, and the contribution that genetic diversity of life forms gives to the robustness of the world's biological systems and to the astonishing beauty of the earth itself.

Much of this damage is irreversible on a scale of centuries or permanent. Other processes appear to pose additional threats. Increasing levels of gases in the atmosphere from human activities, including carbon dioxide released from fossil fuel burning and from deforestation, may alter climate on a global scale. Predictions of global warming are still uncertain -- with projected effects ranging from tolerable to very severe -- but the potential risks are very great.

Our massive tampering with the world's interdependent web of life -- coupled with the environmental damage inflicted by deforestation, species loss, and climate change -- could trigger widespread adverse effects, including unpredictable collapses of critical biological systems whose interactions and dynamics we only imperfectly understand.

Uncertainty over the extent of these effects cannot excuse complacency or delay in facing the threat.

Population

The earth is finite. Its ability to absorb wastes and destructive effluent is finite. Its ability to provide food and energy is finite. Its ability to provide for growing numbers of people is finite. And we are fast approaching many of the earth's limits. Current economic practices which damage the environment, in both developed and underdeveloped nations, cannot be continued without the risk that vital global systems will be damaged beyond repair.

Pressures resulting from unrestrained population growth put demands on the natural world that can overwhelm any efforts to achieve a sustainable future. If we are to halt the destruction of our environment, we must accept limits to that growth. A World Bank estimate indicates that world population will not stabilize at less than 12.4 billion, while the United Nations concludes that the eventual total could reach 14 billion, a near tripling of today's 5.4 billion. But, even at this moment, one person in five lives in absolute poverty without enough to eat, and one in ten suffers serious malnutrition.

No more than one or a few decades remain before the chance to avert the threats we now confront will be lost and the prospects for humanity immeasurably diminished.

WARNING

We the undersigned, senior members of the world's scientific community, hereby warn all humanity of what lies ahead. A great change in our stewardship of the earth and the life on it, is required, if vast human misery is to be avoided and our global home on this planet is not to be irretrievably mutilated.

What We Must Do

Five inextricably linked areas must be addressed simultaneously:

1. We must bring environmentally damaging activities under control to restore and protect the integrity of the earth's systems we depend on. We must, for example, move away from fossil fuels to more benign, inexhaustible energy sources to cut greenhouse gas emissions and the pollution of our air and water. Priority must be given to the development of energy sources matched to third world needs -- small scale and relatively easy to implement. We must halt deforestation, injury to and loss of agricultural land, and the loss of terrestrial and marine plant and animal species.
2. We must manage resources crucial to human welfare more effectively. We must give high priority to efficient use of energy, water, and other materials, including expansion of conservation and recycling.
3. We must stabilize population. This will be possible only if all nations recognize that it requires improved social and economic conditions, and the adoption of effective, voluntary family planning.
4. We must reduce and eventually eliminate poverty.
5. We must ensure sexual equality, and guarantee women control over their own reproductive decisions.

The developed nations are the largest polluters in the world today. They must greatly reduce their over-consumption, if we are to reduce pressures on resources and the global environment. The developed nations have the obligation to provide aid and support to developing nations, because only the developed nations have the financial resources and the technical skills for these tasks.

Acting on this recognition is not altruism, but enlightened self-interest: whether industrialized or not, we all have but one lifeboat. No nation can escape from injury when global biological systems are damaged. No nation can escape from conflicts over increasingly scarce resources. In addition, environmental and economic instabilities will cause mass migrations with incalculable consequences for developed and undeveloped nations alike.

Developing nations must realize that environmental damage is one of the gravest threats they face, and that attempts to blunt it will be overwhelmed if their populations go unchecked. The greatest peril is to become trapped in spirals of environmental decline, poverty, and unrest, leading to social, economic and environmental collapse.

Success in this global endeavor will require a great reduction in violence and war. Resources now devoted to the preparation and conduct of war -- amounting to over $1 trillion annually -- will be badly needed in the new tasks and should be diverted to the new challenges.

A new ethic is required -- a new attitude towards discharging our responsibility for caring for ourselves and for the earth. We must recognize the earth's limited capacity to provide for us. We must recognize its fragility. We must no longer allow it to be ravaged. This ethic must motivate a great movement, convince reluctant leaders and reluctant governments and reluctant peoples themselves to effect the needed changes.

The scientists issuing this warning hope that our message will reach and affect people everywhere. We need the help of many.

We require the help of the world community of scientists -- natural, social, economic, political;

We require the help of the world's business and industrial leaders;

We require the help of the worlds religious leaders; and

We require the help of the world's peoples.

We call on all to join us in this task.

Over 1,500 members of national, regional, and inter-national science academies have signed the Warning. Sixty-nine nations from all parts of Earth are represented, including each of the twelve most populous nations and the nineteen largest economic powers. The full list includes a majority of the Nobel laureates in the sciences. Awards and institutional affiliations are listed for the purpose of identification only. The Nobel Prize in medicine is for physiology or medicine.

PROMINENT INDIVIDUALS AMONG MORE THAN 1,500 SIGNATORIES (sorted alphabetically)

• A. M. Harun-ar Rashid, Physicist; Sec., Bangladesh, Academy of Sci., Bangladesh
• Aaron Klug, Nobel laureate, Chemistry, Great Britain
• Abdus Salam, Nobel laureate, Physics; President, Third World Academy of Sciences, Pakistan & Italy
• Achmad Baiquni, Physicist, Indonesian & Third World Academies, Indonesia
• Aderemi Kuku, Mathematician, African & Third World Acads., Nigeria
• Adnan Hamoui, Mathematician, Third World, Academy, Kuwait
• Adolph Butenandt, Nobel laureate, Chemistry; Fmr. President, Max Planck Inst.; Germany
• Ahmed Hassanli, Chemist, African Academy of Sciences, Tanzania & Kenya
• Aina Elvius, Astronomer, Royal Academy of Sciences, Sweden
• Alan Battersby, Chemist, Wolf Prize in Chemistry, Great Britain
• Albert Sabin, Virologist, National Medal of Science, USA
• Alexander L. Yanshin, Geologist, Karpinsky Gold Medal, Russia
• Alexander Rich, Biologist, National & Pontifical Academies, USA
• Alexander Spirin, Biologistn Lenin Prize, Russia
• Alexander Todd, Nobel laureate, Chemistry; Great Britain
• Alexej Sitenko, Physicist, Ukrainian Academy of Sciences, Ukraine
• Anatole Abragam, Physicist; Fmr. Member, Pontifical Academy of Sciences; France
• Andrei Monin, Oceanologist, State Prize, Russia
• Andrezej Tarkowski, Embryologist, Polish [text missing]
• Anne Anastasi, Psychologist, National Medal of Science, USA
• Anne Murray, Ethnographer, Royal Academy of Sciences, Sweden
• Antonio Garcia-Bellido, Biologist, Univ. Auto. Madrid, Royal Society, Spain
• Antony Hewish, Nobel laureate, Physics; Great Britain
• Anwar Nasim, Biologist, Third World Academy, Saudi Arabia
• Arne Semb-Johansson, Entomologist, Norwegian Academy of Science, Norway
• Arthur Birch Chemist, Australian Academy of Science, Australia
• Atta ur-Rahman, Chemist, Pakistani & Third World Academies, Pakistan
• Autzr Singh Paintal, Physiologist, Fmr. President, Indian National Science Academy, India
• Ayub Khan Ommaya, Neurobiologist, Third World Academy, Pakistan & USA
• Barbara Pearse, Molecular Biologist, Royal Society, Great Britain
• Baruch Blumberg, Nobel laureate, Medicine; USA
• Baruj Benacerraf, Nobel laureate, Medicine; USA
• Bede Nwoye Okigbo, Agricultural Scientist; Dir., U.N. Unv. Pgm. Natrl. Res. in Afr.; Nigeria & Kenya
• Bert Bolin, Meteorologist, Tyler Prize, Sweden
• Berta Scharrer,Neuroscientist, National Medal of Science, USA
• Betty Roots, Zoologist, Academy of Sciences, Canada
• Brenda Milner, Neurologist, Academy of Sciences, Canada
• Burton Richter, Nobel laureate, Physics; USA
• Carl Sagan, Astrophysicist & Author, USA
• Carl-Olof Jacobson Zoologist; Sec-Gen., Royal Academy of Sciences; Sweden
• Carleton Gajdusek, Nobel laureate, Medicine; USA
• Carlo Rubbia, Nobel laureate, Physics, Italy & Switzerland
• Carlos Aguirre President, Academy of Sciences, Bolivia
• Carlos Chagas, Biologist; Univ. de Rio de Janeiro; Fmr. President, Pontifical Academy of Sciences; Brazil
• Cecilia Jarlskog, Physicist, Royal Academy of Sciences, Sweden
• Cesar Milstein, Nobel laureate, Medicine; Argentina & Great Britain
• Charles Slack, Agricultural Science, Royal Society, New Zealand
• Cheng Kui Tseng, Oceanologist, Chinese & Third World Academies, China
• Chintamani Rao, Inst. of Science, Indian and Pontifical Academies, India
• Christian Anfinsen, Nobel laureate, Chemistry; USA
• Christopher Chetsanga, Biochemist, Affican & Third World Academies, Zimbabwe
• Christopher Magazda, Limnologist, African Academy of Sciences, Zimbabwe
• Claude Allegre, Geophysicist, Crafoord Prize, France
• Claude Rimington, Inst. for Cancer Research, Norwegian Academy of Science, Norway
• Coluthur Gopolan, Nutrition Foundation of India, Indian & Third World Academies, India
• Cyril Agodi Onwumechili, Physicist, Fmr. Pres., Nigerian Acad. of Sciences, Nigeria & Great Britain
• Daflinn Follesdal, President, Norwegian Academy of Science; Norway
• Daniel Bes, Physicist, Argentinean & Third World Academies, Argentina
• Daniel Janzen, Biologist, Crafoord Prize, USA
• David Baltimore, Nobel laureate, Medicine; USA
• David Bates, Physicist, Royal Irish Academy, Ireland
• David Mervyn Blow, Wolf Prize in Chemistry, Great Britain
• Devendra Lal, Geophysicist, National Science Academy, India
• Digby McLaren, Past President, Royal Society of Canada; Canada
• Diter von Wettstein, Physiologist, Royal Academy of Sciences, Denmark
• Donald Glaser, Nobel laureate, Physics; USA
• Donnall Thomas, Nobel laureate, Medicine; USA
• Dorothea Jameson, Psychologist, National Academy of Sciences, USA
• Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin, Nobel laureate, Chemistry; Great Britain
• Dorothy Horstmann, Epidemiologist, National Academy of Sciences, USA
• Dudley Herschbach, Nobel laureate, Chemistry, USA
• E. F. Knipling, Agricultural Researcher, National Medal of Science, USA
• E. J. Corey, Nobel laureate, Chemistry, USA
• E. Margaret Burbidge, Astronomer, National Medal of Science, USA
• E. T. S. Walton, Nobel laureate, Physics, Ireland
• Earl Stadtman, Biochemist, National Medal of Science, USA
• Eduardo Rapoport, Ecologist, Third World Academy, Argentina
• Edward Goldberg, Chemist, Tyler Prize, USA
• Edward O. Wilson, Biologist, Crafoord Prize, USA
• Edward Purcell, Nobel laureate, Physics; USA
• Eleanor J. Gibson, Psychologist, National Medal of Science, USA
• Elisabeth Kessler, Royal Academy of Sciences, Sweden
• Elizabeth Hay, Biologist, National Academy of Sciences, USA
• Elizabeth Russell, Jackson Laboratory, National Academy of Sciences, USA
• Ennio Candotti, Physicist; President, Brazilian Soc. Adv. of Science; Brazil
• Erwin Hahn, Wolf Prize in Physics, USA
• Erwin Neher, Nobel laureate, Medicine; Germany
• Evelyn Witkin, Biologist, National Academy of Sciences, USA
• Farrokh Saidi, Surgeon, Third World Academy, Iran
• Francisco J. Barrantes, Biophysicist, Third World Academy, Argentina
• Franco Modigliani, Nobel laureate, Economics; USA
• Frank Dixon, Pathologist, Lasker Award, USA
• Fred Whipple, Astronomer, National Academy of Sciences, USA
• Frederica de Laguna, Anthropologist, National Academy of Sciences, USA
• Frederick Bormann, Forest Ecologist; Past President, Ecological Soc. of Amer.; USA
• Frederick I. B. Kayanja, Vice-Chnclr., Mbarara Univ., Third World Academy, Uganda
• Frederick Reines, Physicist, National Medal of Science, USA
• Frederick Robbins, Nobel laureate, Medicine; USA
• Frederick Sanger, Nobel laureate, Chemistry; Great Britain
• Frederico Mayor, Biochemist; Dir. Gen., UNESCO, Spain & France Ernst Mayr, Zoologist, National Medal of Science, USA
• G. N. Ramachandran, Mathematician, Inst. of Science, India
• Gennady Mesiatz, Physicist; Vice President, Russian Academy of Sciences; Russia
• Geoffrey Wilkinson, Nobel laureate, Chemistry; Great Britain
• Georg Bednorz, Nobel laureate, Physics; Switzerland
• George Hitchings, Nobel laureate, Medicine; USA
• George Martine, Inst. for Study of Society, Population, & Nature; Brazil
• George Pake, Physicist, National Medal of Science, USA
• George Palade, Nobel laureate, Physics; USA
• George Porter, Nobel laureate, Chemistry; Great Britain
• George Snell, Nobel laureate, Medicine; USA
• George Wald, Nobel laureate, Medicine; USA
• Georges Charpak, Nobel laureate, Physics; France
• Georgii Georgiev, Biologist, Lenin Prize, Russia
• Gerald Wasserburg, Geophysicist, Crafoord Prize, USA
• Gerard Debreu, Nobel laureate, Economics; USA
• Gerardo Budowski, Natural Resources, Univ. Para La Paz, Costa Rica
• Gerardo Lamas-Muller, Biologist, Museo de Historia Natural, Peru
• Gerardo Reichel-Dolmatoff, Anthropologist, Columbian & Third World Academies, Columbia
• Gerhard Herzberg, Nobel laureate, Chemistry; Canada
• Germot Bergold, Inst. Venezolano de Investigaciones Cientificas, Venezuela
• Gertrude Elion, Nobel laureate, Medicine; USA
• Giampietro Puppi, Physicist, Pontifical Academy of Sciences, Italy
• Gilbert White, Geographer, Tyler Prize, USA
• Glenn Burton, Geneticist, National Medal of Science, USA
• Glenn Seaborg, Nobel laureate, Physics; USA
• Gonzalo Halffter, Ecologist, Inst. Pol. Nac. ,Mexico
• Gurdev Khush, Agronomist, International Rice Institute, Indian Natl. Sci. Academy, India & Philippines
• Gustavo Rivas Mijares, Engineer; Fmr. President, Academy of Sciences, Venezuela
• H. A. Barker, Biochemist, National Medal of Science, USA
• Hans Bethe, Nobel laureate, Physics; USA
• Hans Tuppy, Biochemist, Austrian & Pontifical Academies, Austria
• Harold Johnston, Chemist, Tyler Prize, USA
• Harold Varmus, Nobel laureate, Medicine; USA
• Hartmut Michel, Nobel laureate, Chemistry; Germany
• Hector Croxatto, Physiologist, Pontifical & Third World Academies, Chile
• Heneri Dzinotyiweyi, Mathematician, African & Third World Academies, Zimbabwe
• Henri Cartan, Wolf Prize in Mathematics, France
• Henrik Wallgren, Zoologist, Society of Science & Letters, Finland
• Henry Kendall, Nobel laureate, Physics; Chairman, Union of Concerned Scientists; USA
• Herbert Friedman, Wolf Prize in Physics, USA
• Herbert Gutowsky, Wolf Prize in Chemistry, USA
• Herbert Hauptman, Nobel laureate, Chemistry; USA
• Herbert Simon, Nobel laureate, Economics; USA
• Herman Feshbach, Physicist, National Medal of Science, USA
• Hermann Bruck, Astronomer, Pontifical Academy of Sciences, Great Britain
• Hiroshi Inose, Electrical Engineer; Vice President, Engineering Academy; Japan
• How Ghee Ang, Chemist, Third World Academy, Singapore
• Howard Bachrach, Biochemist, National Medal of Science, USA
• Howard Odum, Ecologist, Crafoord Prize, USA
• Humam Bishara Ghassib, Physicist, Third World Academy, Jordan
• Ikuo Kushiro, Geologist, Japan Academy, Japan
• Ilya Prigogine, Nobel laureate, Chemistry; Belgium
• Inga Fischer-Hjalmars, Biologist, Royal Academy of Sciences, Sweden
• Jack Steinberger, Nobel laureate, Physics; USA & Switzerland
• James Gowans, Wolf Prize in Medicine, France
• James McConnell, Physicist, Pontifical Academy of Sciences, Ireland
• James Meade, Nobel laureate, Economics; Great Britain
• James Neel, Geneticist, National Medal of Science, USA
• James Tobin, Nobel laureate, Economics; USA
• James Van Allen, Physicist, Crafoord Prize, USA
• James Watson, Nobel laureate, Medicine; USA
• Jan Michalski, Biologist, Polish Academy of Science, Poland
• Jan Tinbergen, Nobel laureate, Economics; Netherlands
• Jane Lubchenco, Zoologist; President-Elect, Ecological Soc. of Amer.; USA
• Janet Rowley, Physician, National Academy of Sciences, USA
• Janos Kornai, Economist, Hungarian Academy of Science, Hungary
• Janos Szentgothai, Fmr. President, Hungarian Academy of Sciences; Hungary
• Jayant Vishnu Narlikar, Astrophysicist, Indian & Third World Academies, India
• Jean Dausset, Nobel laureate, Medicine; France
• Jean Marie Lehn, Nobel laureate, Chemistry; France
• Jens Skou, Biophysicist, Royal Academy of Sciences, Denmark
• Jerome Friedman, Nobel laureate, Physics; USA
• Jerome Karle, Nobel laureate, Physics; USA
• Jerome Wiesner, Physicist, Fmr. President, Mass. Inst. of Tech., USA
• Jerrold Meinwald, Chemistry, Tyler Prize, USA
• Johann Deisenhofer, Nobel laureate, Chemistry; Germany & USA
• Johanna Dobereiner, Biologist, First Sec., Brazilian Academy of Sci.; Pontifical & Third World Academies, Brazil
• John Backus, Computer Scientist, National Medal of Science, USA
• John Cornforth, Nobel laureate, Chemistry; Great Britain
• John Houghton, Meteorologist; Chairman, Science Working Group, IPCC; Great Britain
• John Kendrew, Nobel laureate, Chemistry; Great Britain
• John Philip, Agricultural Science, Australian Academy of Science, Australia
• John Polanyi, Nobel laureate, Chemistry; Canada
• John R. Pierce, Electrical Engineer, National Medal of Science, USA
• John S. Nkoma, Physicist, Third World Academy, Botswana
• John Vane, Nobel laureate, Medicine; Great Britain
• Jose Sarukhan, Biologist, Third World Academy, Mexico
• Joseph Chatt, Wolf Prize in Chemistry, Great Britain
• Joseph Doob, Mathematician, National Medal of Science, USA
• Joseph Keller, Mathematician, National Medal of Science, USA
• Joseph Murray, Nobel laureate, Medicine; USA
• Julian Schwinger, Nobel laureate, Physics; USA
• Julius Axelrod, Nobel laureate, Medicine; USA
• K. O. Emery, Oceanographer, National Academy of Sciences, USA
• Kai Siegbahn, Nobel laureate, Physics; Sweden
• Kenichi Fukui, Nobel laureate, Chemistry; Japan
• Kenneth Hsu, Geologist, Third World Academy, China & Switzerland
• Kerstin Hall, Endocrinologist, Royal Academy of Sciences, Sweden
• Khursheed Ahmad Malik, Microbiologist, Pakistan & Third World Academies, Pakistan & Germany
• Kim Nasmyth, Biologist, Royal Society, Great Britain & Austria
• Kirthi Tennakone, Physicist, Third World Academy, Sri Lanka
• Klaus von Klitzing, Nobel laureate, Physics; Germany
• Konrad Bloch, Nobel laureate, Medicine; USA
• Konstantin V. Frolov Engineer; Vice President, Russian Academy of Sciences; Russia
• Kun Huang, Physicist, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
• Lars Hormander, Wolf Prize in Mathematics, Sweden
• Lawrence A. Wilson, Agricultural Science, Third World Academy, Trinidad
• Lawrence Mysak, Meteorologist; Vice President, Academy of Science, Royal Society of Canada; Canada
• Ledyard Stebbins, Geneticist, National Medal of Science, USA
• Leon Lederman, Nobel laureate, Physics; Chr., Amer. Assn. Adv. Sci.; USA
• Leopoldo Garcia-Collin, Physicist, Latin American & Third World Academies, Mexico
• Li Chang-lin, Environmental Sciences, Fudan University, China
• Lilian Pickford, Physiologist, Royal Society, Great Britain
• Linus Pauling, Nobel laureate, Chemistry & Pence, USA
• Louis Leprince-Ringuet, Physicist, French & Pontifical Academies, France
• Louis Neel, Nobel laureate, Physics; France
• Louise Johnson, Biophysicist, Royal Society, Great Britain
• Luis D'Croz, Limnologist, Univ. de Panama, Panama
• Luna Leopold, Geologist, National Medal of Science, USA
• Lydia Phindile Makhubu, Chemist, Third World & African Academies, Swaziland
• Lynn Margulis, Biologist, National Academy of Sciences, USA
• M. G. K Menon, Physicist; President, International Council of Scientific Unions; India
• Maclyn McCarty, Wolf Prize in Medicine, USA
• Madhav Gadgil, Ecologist, National Science Academy, India
• Mahdi Elmandjra, Economist; Vice President, African Academy of Sciences; Morocco
• Manfred Eigen, Nobel laureate, Chemistry; Germany
• Manuel Peimbert, Astronomer, Univ. Nac. Aut. de Mexico, Mexico
• Marcos Moshinsky, Physicist, Pontifical Academy of Sciences, Mexico
• Margaret Davis, Ecologist, National Academy of Sciences, USA
• Marianne Rasmuson, Geneticist, Royal Academy of Sciences, Sweden
• Marshall Nirenberg, Biochemist; Nobel laureate, Medicine; USA
• Martha Vaughan, Biochemist, National Academy of Sciences, USA
• Martin Rees, Astronomer, Royal Society & Pontifical Academy, Great Britain
• Marvin Goldberger, Physicist; Fmr. President, Calif. Inst. of Tech., USA
• Mary Ellen Avery, Pediatrician, National Medal of Science, USA
• Mary Gaillard, Physicist, National Academy of Sciences. USA
• Mary Jane Osborn, Microbiologist, National Academy of Scientists, USA
• Mary Lou Pardue, Biologist, National Academy of Sciences, USA
• Maung-U Khin, Pediatrician, Third World Academy, Myamnar & USA
• Maurice Goldhaber, Wolf Prize in Physics, USA
• Maurice Wilkins, Nobel laureate, Medicine; Great Britain
• Melvin Schwartz, Nobel laureate, Physics; USA
• Michael Alpers Epidemiologist, Inst. of Med. Research, Papua New Guinea
• Michael Atiyah, Mathematician; President, Royal Society; Great Britain
• Michael Bishop, Nobel laureate, Medicine; USA
• Michael Ellis Fisher, Physicist, Wolf Prize in Physics, Great Britain & USA
• Michael Sela, Weizmann Inst., Pontifical Academy of Science, Israel
• Mildred Cohn, Biochemist, National Medal of Science, USA
• Miriam Rothschild, Biologist, Royal Society, Great Britain
• Mohammed Ahmed Hamdan, Mathematician, Third World, Academy, Jordan
• Mohammed H. A. Hassan, Physicist; Exec. Sec., Third World Academy of Sciences; Sudan & Italy
• Mohammed T. El-Ashry, Environmental scientist, Third World Academy, Egypt & USA
• Morris Cohen, Engineering, National Medal of Science, USA
• Muhammed Abed Peerally, Biologist, Third World Academy, Mauritius
• Murray Gell-Mann, Nobel laureate, Physics; USA
• Nevill Mott, Nobel laureate, Physics; Great Britain
• Nicholaas Bloembergen, Nobel laureate, Physics; USA
• Nick Holonyak, Electrical Engineer, National Medal of Science, USA
• Nigeria Francois Jacob, Nobel laureate, Medicine; France
• Nina Federoff, Embryologist, National Academy of Sciences, USA
• Noreen Murray, Biologist, Royal Society, Great Britain
• Norman Borlaug, Agricultural Scientist, Nobel laureate, Peace; USA & Mexico
• Ogulande Robert Davidson, Univ. Res. & Dev. Serv., African Acad., Sierra Leone
• Oleg M. Nefedov, Chemist; Vice President, Russian Academy of Sciences; Russia
• Otto Frankel, Geneticist, Australian Academy of Sciences, Australia
• Partha Dasgupta, Economist, Royal Society, Great Britain
• Paul Crutzen, Chemist, Tyler Prize, Germany
• Paul Ehrlich, Biologist, Crafoord Prize, USA
• Paul Erdos, Wolf Prize in Mathematics, Hungary
• Paul Marks, Oncologist, National Medal of Science, USA
• Paul Nchoji Nkvvi, Anthropologist, African Academy, Cameroon
• Paul-Yves Denis, Geographer, Academy of Sciences, Canada
• Paulo C. Campos, Medical scientist, Philippine & Third World Academies, Philippines
• Percy Garnham, Royal Society & Pontifical Academy, Great Britain
• Peter Greenwood, Ichthyologist, Royal Society, Great Britain
• Peter Raven, Director, Missouri Botanical Garden; National Academy of Sciences, USA
• Philip Anderson, Nobel laureate, Physics; USA
• Pierre Deligne, Mathematician, Crafoord Prize, France
• Pierre-Gilles de Gennes, Nobel laureate, Physics; France
• Prawase Wasi, Hematologist, Third World Academy, Thailand
• Ralph Riley, Wolf Prize in Agriculture, Great Britain
• Raoul Bott, Mathematician, National Medal of Science, USA
• Renato Dulbecco, Nobel laureate, Medicine; USA
• Ricardo Bressani, Inst. of Nutrition, Guatemalan & Third World Academies, Guatemala
• Ricardo Giacconi, Astronomer, Wolf Prize in Physics, USA
• Richard Ernst, Nobel laureate, Chemistry; Switzerland
• Richard Garwin, Physicist, National Academy of Sciences, USA
• Richard Schultes, Botanist, Tyler Prize, USA
• Richard Willems, Geneticist, Estonian Biocentre, Estonia
• Rita Levi-Montalcini, Nobel laureate, Medicine; USA & Italy
• Roald Hoffman, Nobel laureate, Chemistry; USA
• Roald Sagdeev, Physicist, Russian & Pontifical Academies, Russia & USA
• Robert Burris, Biochemist, Wolf Prize in Agriculture, USA
• Robert Gallo, Research Scientist, Lasker Award, USA
• Robert Holley, Nobel laureate, Medicine; USA
• Robert Kates, Geographer, National Medal of Science, USA
• Rodrigo Gamez , Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad, Costa Rica
• Roger Green, Anthropologist, Royal Society, New Zealand
• Roger Guillemin, Nobel laureate, Medicine; USA
• Roger Penrose, Mathematician, Wolf Prize in Physics, Great Britain
• Roger Sperry, Nobel laureate, Medicine; USA
• Ronald Breslow, Chemist, National Medal of Science
• Ruth Sager, Geneticist, National Academy of Sciences, USA
• Salimuzzaman Siddiqui, Chemist, Pontifical & Third World Academies, Pakistan
• Samuel C. C. Ting, Nobel laureate, Physics; USA
• Samuel Eilenberg, Wolf Prize in Mathematics, USA
• Sandra Faber, Astronomer, National Academy of Sciences, USA
• Sang Soo Lee, Physicist, Korean & Third World Academies, Rep. of Korea
• Sarah Hrdy, Anthropologist, National Academy of Sciences, USA
• Sergio Cabrera, Biologist, Univ. de Chile, Chile
• Shan Tao Liao, Mathematician, Chinese & Third World Academies, China
• Sheldon Glashow, Nobel laureate, Physics; USA
• Sherwood Rowland, Chemist; President, American Association for the Advancement of Science; USA
• Shiing-Shen Chern, Wolf Prize in Mathematics, China & USA
• Simon van der Meer, Nobel laureate, Physics; Netherlands & Switzerland
• Sivaramakrishna Chandrasekhar, Center for Liquid Crystal Research, India
• Solly ZuckerInan, Zoologist, Royal Society, Great Britain
• Stanley Cohen, Nobel laureate, Medicine; USA
• Stanley N. Cohen, Geneticist, Wolf Prize in Medicine, USA
• Stephen Hawking, Mathematician, Wolf Prize in Physics, Great Britain
• Stephen Jay Gould, Paleontologist, Author, Harvard Univ., USA
• Sune Bergstrom, Nobel laureate, Medicine; Sweden
• Susan Kieffer, Geologist, National Academy of Sciences, USA
• Susan Leeman PharmacologistX National Academy of Sciences, USA
• Susumu Tonegawa, Nobel laureate, Medicine; Japan & USA
• Tadeus Reichstein, Nobel laureate, Medicine; Switzerland
• Tan Jia-zhen, Geneticist, Shanghai Univ., China
• Teruaki Mukaiyama, Chemist, Japan Academy, Japan
• Thomas Eisner, Biologist, Tyler Prize, USA
• Thomas Silou, Biochemist, African Academy of Sciences, Congo
• Thomas Weller, Nobel laureate, Medicine; USA
• Thressa Stadtman, Biochemist, National Academy of Sciences, USA
• Tiruppattur Ramakrishnan, Physicist, Indian & Third World Academies, India
• Torsten Wiesel, Nobel laureate, Medicine; USA
• Torvard Laurent, Physiological chemist; President, Royal Academy of Sciences; Sweden
• Turner T. Isoun, Pathologist, African Academy of Sciences,
• Val Fitch, Nobel laureate, Physics; USA
• Valentine Telegdi, Wolf Prize in Physics, Switzerland
• Vera Rubin, Physicist, National Academy of Sciences, USA
• Victor A. Kabanov, Chemist, Lenin Prize in Science, Russia
• Victor Weisskopf, Wolf Prize in Physics, USA
• Viqar Uddin Ammad, Chemist, Pakistani & Third World Academies, Pakistan
• Vittorio Ersparmer, Pharmacologist, Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei, Italy
• Vladilen Letokhov, Physicist, Lenin Prize in Science, Russia
• Walter Alvarez Geologist, National Academy of Sciences, USA
• Walter Kohn, Physicist, National Medal of Science, USA
• Walter Munk, Geophysicist, National Medal of Science, USA
• Walter Thirring, Physicist, Austrian & Pontifical Academies, Austria
• Wassily Leontief, Nobel laureate, Economics; USA
• Wendell Roelofs, Entomologist, National Medal of Science, USA
• Werner Arber, Nobel laureate, Medicine; Switzerland
• William Fowler, Nobel laureate, Physics; USA
• William Lipscomb, Nobel laureate, Physics; USA
• Yang Fujia, Physicist, Chinese & Third World Academies, China
• Yasutomi Nishizuka, Biochemist, Lasker Award, Japan
• Yongyuth Yuthavong, Biochemist; Director, National Sci. & Tech. Devl. Agency, Thailand
• Yuan T. Lee, Nobel laureate, Chemistry; USA
• Yuri Ossipyan, Physicist; Vice President, Russian Academy of Sciences; Russia
• Yuri Rudenko, Energy Research Inst., State Prize laureate, Russia
• Yuval Ne'eman, Physicist, Natl. Acad. of Sci. & Humanities, Israel
• Zhao Zhong-xian, Physicist, Chinese & Third World Academies, China
• Zhou Guang-zhao, Physicist; President, Chinese Academy of Sciences; China

A WORLD SCIENTISTS' WARNING BRIEFING BOOK is available from the Union of Concerned Scientists. It provides the citations to support their WARNING.

Union of Concerned Scientists: http://www.ucsusa.org

Warning issued November 18, 1992